Background: Family boundaries play a role in the formation of schemas, this can have significant psychological consequences for family members. Despite the theoretical links between enmeshed family boundaries and early maladaptive schemas, there is a noticeable research gap on this relationship. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing enmeshed family boundaries in students with and without early maladaptive schemas. Methods: The method of this descriptive research was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research included all students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-2024. Among the people of the statistical population, 204 people (152 women, 52 men) were selected by convenience sampling method. The data collection tools in this research included the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1998) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (Olson et al., 1985). Independent t-test, Benferoni test and SPSS-26 software were used to analyze and compare the data. Results: The scores of enmeshed boundaries in people with an Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema were significantly higher than those without an Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema (P< 0.05). Enmeshed family boundaries in individuals with and without Disconnection and Rejection Domain impaired schemas, Impaired Autonomy and Performance Domain impaired schemas, Entitlement/Grandiosity schema,Insufficient Self-Control/Self-discipline schema, Other Directedness Domain schemas, Over vigilance /Inhibition Domain impaired schemas, were not significantly different. (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Intertwined borders can lead to the formation of the intertwined schema itself. However, the development of other maladaptive schemas is not directly related to family entanglement. These schemas may develop through various pathways, such as traumatic experiences, peer relationships, or social influences.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the parent-adolescent perception about the flexibility of family boundaries based on development. Methods: this research was done by qualitative research method and phenomenological approach. By convenience sampling, 10 girl adolescents aged from 15 to 17 and their mothers aged 37 to 55 were selected and their perceptions of family boundaries were studied by deep semi-structured interviews. Then the data were classified and coded and the results were expressed by validity report method. Findings: the analysis of participants’ experiences leaded to three main themes which include flexibility, lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility of family boundaries from parents and their adolescents’ point of view. Also from each of the three themes above, 14, 5 and 1 sub-themes in parents and 3, 5 and 6 sub-themes in adolescents were gained. Conclusion: the results showed that according to the in transition context of the society of Iran, none of the two conditions of lack of flexibility and exorbitant flexibility can meet the adolescents’ needs and protect the basic security of family. Hence it seems essential for the officials of mental health, to make parents aware of how to balance the boundaries inside the family. Also conducting negotiations on family rules and the compliance of parents on the boundaries were the preventing factors of problems in families with flexible boundaries, that ignoring them in families with strict or permissive boundaries causes dissatisfaction in adolescents and makes the basic safety of family at risk.

The current study was conducted with the purpose of predicting marital satisfaction based on family flexibility with the mediating role of family boundaries by using a correlational survey method. To this end, 366 couples from the 19th district of Tehran were selected by sampling. The research data were collected by means of the marital satisfaction questionnaire with an Islamic approach, the family cohesion and flexibility assessment scale, and the family boundaries questionnaire, and the data were analyzed by applying structural equation modeling. SPSS software and AMOS software were used to classify, process and analyze data. The evaluation of the hypothetical research model using fit indices showed that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI=0. 95, NFI=0. 92, RMSEA=0. 07). The results showed that regarding the relationship of family flexibility with the mediation of family boundaries, marital satisfaction is significant at the P<0. 05 level and family boundaries play a mediating role in the relationship between family flexibility and couples' marital satisfaction. Therefore, to improve marital satisfaction, intervention in family flexibility and family boundaries in couples are particularly significant.

The global spread of internet technology and the associated advancements are making it easier for women entrepreneurs to manage the work-family boundary. However, there is a need for more research on digital entrepreneurship (DE), especially on how different degrees of DE influence the success of work-family boundary management (WFBM). This study explores the effect of extreme, moderate, and mild pursuit of DE on women’s abilities to manage the boundary between work and family. This study uses a quantitative research method and collected data from 312 women entrepreneurs. The results show that DE enables women entrepreneurs to manage the work-family boundary. We found that with extreme DE, women are more likely to experience high levels of cross-role interruption behaviours and perceived boundary control, while with moderate DE, women experience high levels of identity centrality of work and family roles. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature on women’s DE by investigating different degrees of DE and its effects on work-family boundary management. The study also contributes to the literature on WFBM through examining the dynamics of DE in enabling women entrepreneurs to manage work-family boundaries to different extents. Therefore, this study captures the interplay between DE and managing work-family boundaries, which facilitates our understanding of women entrepreneurship and the role DE has in enabling the agentic potential of entrepreneurial actors.

Introduction:The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing students with and without primary maladaptive schemas in separated family boundaries in Azad University of Tehran.Method: The statistical population of this research included all students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-2024. The participants were 200 students (150 female,50 male) who were selected by available sampling. All of them completed the short form of the Young Schema Questionnaire (SF-YSQ) and the Family Cohesion Questionnaire (Olson et al., 1985 ). Hypotheses were tested with independent t-test and Benferroni adjustment. SPSS26 software was used for data analysis.Findings: The findings showed that the scores of discrete family boundaries in people with the schema of Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Social Isolation/Alienation, Defectiveness/Shame(Disconnection & Rejection Domain);Subjugation schema(Other Directedness Domain),Emotional Inhibition schema(Over Vigilance or Inhibition Domain) is significantly more compared to people without these schemas.The scores of discrete family boundaries in people with and without Abandonment/Instability schema (Disconnection & rejection Domain),Failure schema, Dependence/Incompetence schema, Vulnerability to Harm or Illness,& Enmeshment/Undeveloped Self schema(Impaired Autonomy Domain),Entitlement/Grandiosity Schema,and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline Schema(Impaired Limits Domain),Unrelenting Standards Schema(Over Vigilance/Inhibition Domain) had no significant difference.Conclusion: Family dynamics and schemas have a mutual effect. Their relationships should be considered in designing effective treatment strategies and interventions. Disjointed family boundaries contribute to the formation of some schemas, which can have significant psychological consequences for individuals. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.

The phenomenological approach, which is based on the existence of mankind, studies the presence of mankind in the universe (Dasein) and its relationship with the surrounding world. It also investigates the existing boundaries – as important components of spatial structures– between mankind and the surrounding environment as well as those between different phenomena. By creating enclosure, boundaries change “ space” into “ place” and they affect the character and landscape of place by developing spatial order. Creation of place and features such as the inside, the outside, boundary, enclosure, realm and path, have led to formation of different structures and subsequently formation of meaningful places. Boundary is a necessary structure and condition for formation of place. This paper will explore the qualities of the relationship between the inside and the outside in general and the notion of boundary in particular. From Heidegger’ s point of view, space turns into place by means of the presence of an “ object” . The existence of a place creates an inside which in turn gains meaning in contrast to the outer environment. Without this presence, space is just a meaningless and a logical spectrum. However, manifestation of a presence or an object immediately turns space into a place. In this sense, a place is part of the expanse of space, which has gained meaning by a specific presence, be it the shade of a tree in a plain or a path which is distinguishable from its surrounding environment due to its different texture. Every person begins to perceive and understand the surrounding environment from their early days of life and gradually develops the manner of this perception and understanding. For humans, the five senses are the means of understanding the surrounding environment and thus the boundary between mankind and the environment, which divides and connects the two at the same time. The phenomenological approach seeks to understand different phenomena and their relationship as well as the relationship between mankind and the world which encompasses these phenomena. It leads humans to revisit their perceptions and feelings in order to gain a qualitative understanding of the world. Conducted with a phenomenological approach and based on first-hand field observations with an existential focus, this research seeks to develop a framework for gaining deep and proper understanding of the spatial nature and qualitative features of place. Therefore, the aim is to investigate the role of boundaries in different places (natural and built) and the role of people’ s understanding of the structure of these boundaries in their interventions and efforts for improving the quality of built places. Approaching the subject from the viewpoint of understanding the surrounding world and deriving from phenomenological studies, the author attempts to analyze her place of living as a phenomenon, explain it based on her learnings of this approach and distinguish and identify the existing boundaries in this place. For this purpose, first, the literature of place phenomenology, place structure and understanding of place will be reviewed; then, the structure of the author’ s habitat (located in Malayer City, Hamadan Province) – a plain that has facilitated formation of vineyards around the city– will be described and explored based on mentioned approach and phenomenological criteria. Then, the relationship between people and natural/built places and the boundaries in these places will be analyzed. Finally, a possible solution for improving the relationship between the three phenomena of mankind, natural place and built place (in this case dried fruits packaging workshops in the region under study) will be proposed. When environmental interventions are accompanied by proper perception and understanding of the surroundings, place becomes a source of peace and security and it can be much more successful in attracting more individuals. People would feel at home and relaxed and the final outcome would be a place formed from its spatial bedrock that can satisfactorily meet the visual, environmental and psychological needs of its visitors. A person’ s proper understanding of the structure of the surrounding environment and its boundaries alongside the accurate perception of various sensory elements such as odors, sounds, etc. can help them grasp and recognize the sense of “ being at a place” with clarity. The author’ s phenomenological attempt for better understanding the area of study and the needs of its residents has led to formation of ideas and suggestions which can help improve the condition of raisin processing factories and workshops in the area in a manner that the employees can easily work and enjoy the surrounding natural environment and landscapes. Implementations of these suggestions can undoubtedly improve the condition of the workforce and the procedure of work in these manufacturing units. Not only will they be able to avoid defacing the natural landscape, but also they can help improve the environment by means of carefully planned interventions and proper use of environmental potentials for the betterment of the mutual relationship between mankind and natural/built places.